[57] Thor Heyerdahl provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki:[68]. [118][119], Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. ; Putter, C.A.J. Three countries were chosen from the nine as focus countries for implementation: Guyana, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. : B.arenosella, B.atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), B.mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C.nucifera), and B. Thailand has been raising and training pig-tailed macaques to pick coconuts for around 400years. Rajamohan T. Clinical Biochemistry. Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Fruit farming has more economic advantages than vegetable farming. In 1987, a "coconut law" was signed by Governor Edwin Edwards exempting from insurance liability any decorated coconut "handed" from a Zulu float. However, they can be eaten anytime after seven months (1, 2). It also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. What are the benefits of coconut products? The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. De-husked coconuts are also easier for consumers to open, but have a shorter postharvest storage life of around two to three weeks at temperatures of 12 to 15C (54 to 59F) or up to 2 months at 0 to 1.5C (32.0 to 34.7F). These includes two specimens named "Cocos" palaeonucifera and "Cocos" binoriensis, both were dated by their authors to the MaastrichtianDanian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). Ingredient Lists); Major Food Allergens (food source names and examples)", "How to Tell When Coconuts Are Ripe on the Tree", "When Are Coconuts Ripe: Do Coconuts Ripen After They Are Picked", "ICC Quality Standard: Desiccated Coconut", "Exporting desiccated coconuts to Europe", "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12117, Nuts, coconut milk, raw (liquid expressed from grated meat and water)", "Ginataang Manok (Chicken Stewed in Coconut Milk) Filipino Recipe! HE Moore Jr, NW Uhl. It contributes 2 per cent to Sri Lankas GDP, 2.5 per cent to export earnings and 5 per cent to employment. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Choti Holi, also known as Holika Dahan, is an important Hindu festival celebrated throughout India, one day before the main Holi festival. (1992). They eventually form the edible solid endosperm (the "coconut meat" or "coconut flesh") which hardens over time. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. The queen palm was originally classified in the genus Cocos along with the coconut, but was later reclassified in Syagrus. Coconut oil, aside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair oil, and massage oil. Nearly one third of the world's population depends on coconut for nutrition and trade. The evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in Asia, South America, or on Pacific islands. Coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans by South Asian, Arab, and European sailors. The player buys some small balls which are then thrown as hard as possible at coconuts balanced on sticks. ", "Structure and Function of the Haustorim in Germinating Coconut Palm Seed", "Fossil fruit of Cocos L. (Arecaceae) from Maastrichtian-Danian sediments of central India and its phytogeographical significance", "An update of monocot macrofossil data from New Zealand and Australia", "A Fossil Coconut Fruit from the Early Eocene of Gujarat", "Long-distance dispersal of the coconut palm by migration within the coral atoll ecosystem", "Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (, "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion", "Coconuts: not indigenous, but quite at home nevertheless", "An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand's coast", "Germination rate is the significant characteristic determining coconut palm diversity", "Deep history of coconuts decoded: Origins of cultivation, ancient trade routes, and colonization of the Americas", "Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of coconut palm (, The Coconut Odyssey the bounteous possibilities of the tree of life, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, "Report: 26 provinces quarantined for coconut pest", "Coconut production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)", "Petenes mangroves: types and severity of threats", "Health of coconut tree climbers of rural southern India medical emergencies, body mass index and occupational marks: A quantitative and survey study", "Philippine coconut industry: No monkey business here", "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream", "New mechanical coconut climbing device developed", "A study on skills for trade and economic diversification (STED) in the non-traditional coconut export sectors of the Philippines". Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009[update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. Conclusion A high source of important vitamins and minerals, as well as high in fibre, fruits are an excellent food choice. The fruit may also be damaged by eriophyid coconut mites (Eriophyes guerreronis). What are the physical characteristics of a coconut? Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. Your energy will be boosted and the thyroid gland hormones production will be enhanced. A coco chocolatero was a cup used to serve small quantities of beverages (such as chocolate drinks) between the 17th and 19th centuries in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela. (1993). Production is based in Southern Asia, Central and South America, Oceania and southern Africa; Asia accounts for 84 percent. According to the Just Change Trust in India, over 500 million coconut palms are cultivated in tropical regions, where coconuts are the prime source of fats and protein for more than 400 million people. Female flower Bracteate, ebracteolate, sessile, pistillate, incomplete, trimerous, actinomorphic and hypogynous. Improves hair health: Eating or applying coconut oil in your hair stimulates hair growth, prevents hair breakage and split ends. The leaves also provide material for baskets that can draw well water and for roofing thatch; they can be woven into mats, cooking skewers, and kindling arrows as well. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although most dwarf varieties are self-pollinating. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Additionally, a genetically distinct subpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut from the Philippines. In fact, the toning property of coconut helps in preventing acne by minimizing the pores of the skin, leaving it glowing. As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the endocarp up to 11mm (38in) thick, starting at the distal end. The coconut oil is in great demand for edible purposes, for soap making toilet preparation. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59 (7): 995. It should stay fresh for four to six months stored at room temperature. She earned her B.A. The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. The coconut palm is one of the most beautiful and useful trees in the world, grown in more than 80 countries of the tropical. [132] Coconut milk can be diluted to create coconut milk beverages. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list. The tradition began in the 1910s, and has continued since. Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. Its versatility and value make it an important commodity that continues to play a vital role in the economic development of many countries around the world. One of their first uses of the coconut was to produce cooking oil. [131][86], Coconut milk powder, a protein-rich powder can be processed from coconut milk following centrifugation, separation, and spray drying. Coconut meal leftovers from oil and milk production feeds livestock. there are a lot of untapped economic potentials in the Coconut industry which need to be . Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. ; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A. econom y of Sri Lanka. On many islands, coconut is a staple in the diet. [158], The Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club of New Orleans traditionally throws hand-decorated coconuts, one of the most valuable Mardi Gras souvenirs, to parade revelers. "[117] In the coconut industry, coconut meat can be classified loosely into three different types depending on maturity namely "Malauhog", "Malakanin" and "Malakatad". "Chapter 12 Coconut". Reduces inflammation. [108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. Studies have shown that coconut oil can help in significant reduction in belly fat. [4], A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from Island Southeast Asia (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the Indian subcontinent (the Indo-Atlantic group). Coconut is an important food crop produced worldwide and is a palm family member. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. [96] A sprouting coconut seed is the logo for Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia, the Indonesian scouting organization. Climbers employed in coconut plantations often develop musculoskeletal disorders and risk severe injury or death from falling. [98][99][100], Two important coconut products were first developed in the Philippines, macapuno and nata de coco. They include morphotaxa like Palmoxylon sundaran, Palmoxylon insignae, and Palmocarpon cocoides. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. Micronutrients in significant content (more than 10% of the Daily Value) include the dietary minerals, manganese, copper, iron, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc (table). "Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats". The young coconut plants need to be nursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough (stem bulb development) to be irrigated with brackish water or seawater alone, after which they can be replanted on the beaches. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small birds. Yet, its high in calories and saturated fat, so you should eat it in moderation. Use aloe vera to keep skin strong and healthy. Perianth Tepals 6 arranged in two whorls of three each, persistent, and polyphyllous showing imbricate aestivation in both the whorls. Composition and Uses: The following products of coconut are useful to human being. Beneficial Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil on Lipid Parameters and in Vitro LDL Oxidation. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9m (30ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). Cocos-like fossils of fruits include "Cocos" intertrappeansis, "Cocos" pantii, and "Cocos" sahnii. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos. Coconut oil is moisturizing and has been used for centuries as a hair tonic and skin care product. Though Kerala has the largest number of coconut trees, in terms of production per hectare, Tamil Nadu leads all other states. While comparable to sports drinks, which can be loaded with added sugars and flavorings, coconut water is low in calories and carbs. Two of the pores are plugged (the "eyes"), while one is functional. IMPORTANCE OF COCONUT Coconut is the environment friendly small-holder palm of the tropical environment Covering 12.28 million hectares in 90 countries with an annual production of 64.3 billion nuts Coconut provides USD$ 7.73 Billion per annum to global coconut small holders [109] The production of coconuts is the main source of Sri Lanka economy, with 12% of cultivated land and 409,244 hectares used for coconut growing (2017). [76], Coconut palms are normally cultivated in hot and wet tropical climates. Some dried coconut is purely coconut, but others are manufactured with other ingredients, such as sugar, propylene glycol, salt, and sodium metabisulfite. It kills bacteria in the mouth and reduces bad breath. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. It also promotes scalp health by fighting against insect bite, lice and dandruff. Per 100-gram serving, coconut water contains 19 calories and no significant content of essential nutrients. Every part of the palm is usable for human needs -- food, shelter and fiber. in history at New Mexico State University. ", "Coconut anaphylaxis: Case report and review", "Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (6. Hindus often initiate the beginning of any new activity by breaking a coconut to ensure the blessings of the gods and successful completion of the activity. Economic theory posits that economic welfare is the total benefit available to society provided by various economic transaction and situation (Economic Online, 2014). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is the sole species of the genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera and 600 species.It is a diploid with 32 chromosomes (2n=32), guma', Therefore, as well as dwarf cultivars, Slightly nutty odor, tender coconut, coconut oil and processed . The importance of coconut palmoil subsequently decreased due to competition from other vegetable oils, particularly palm oil from Elaeis guineensis. Coconut cultivation spans about 402 649 ha which accounts for 21 per cent of agricultural lands in the country. The word Narali is derived from naral implying "coconut" in Marathi. [73], The coconut palm is damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species which feed on it, including the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) and Batrachedra spp. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. In Asia, coconut shells are also used as bowls and in the manufacture of various handicrafts, including buttons carved from dried shell. (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal. Is eating coconut good for your skin? 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. It is spread by host insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Man cannot subsist solely on cereal grains. 2017-08-20 10:24:51. All the parts-of the Wonder palm are useful to making in one way or other. [37][38] In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence all point to the early domestication of Pacific coconuts by the Austronesian peoples in maritime Southeast Asia during the Austronesian expansion (c.3000 to 1500BCE). Coconuts sold domestically in coconut-producing countries are typically not de-husked. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. [21][22], Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. [178] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. 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